Power Grid Recovery after Natural Hazard Impact

Natural hazards can affect the electricity supply and result in power outages which can trigger accidents, bring economic activity to a halt and hinder emergency response until electricity supply is restored to critical services. This study analyzes the impact of earthquakes, space weather and floods on the power grid recovery time. For this purpose, forensic analysis of the performance of the power grid during 16 earthquakes, 15 space weather events and 20 floods was carried out. The study concluded that different natural hazards affect the power grid in different ways. Earthquakes cause inertial damage to heavy equipment and brittle items, and ground failure and soil liquefaction can be devastating to electric infrastructure assets. Recovery time is driven by the balance of repairs and capabilities. Poor access to damaged facilities, due to landslides or traffic congestion, can also delay repairs. In this study, recovery time ranged from a few hours to months, but more frequently from 1 to 4 days. Floods are commonly associated with power outages. Erosion due to the floodwaters and landslides triggered by floods undermine the foundations of transmission towers. Serious, and often explosive, damage may occur when electrified equipment comes in contact with water, while moisture and dirt intrusion require time-consuming repairs of inundated equipment. Recovery time was driven by the number of needed repairs, and site access, as repairs cannot start until floodwaters have receded. In this study, power was back online from 24 hours up to 3 weeks after the flood. However, longer recovery times (up to 5 weeks) were associated with floods spawned by hurricanes and storms. Space weather affects transmission and generation equipment through geomagnetically induced currents (GICs). In contrast to earthquakes and floods, GICs have the potential to impact the entire transmission network. Delayed effects and the potential for system-wide impact were the main drivers of recovery time in this study. When damage is limited to tripping of protective devices, restoration time is less than 24 hours. However, repairs of damaged equipment may take up to several months. The study concludes with a number of recommendations related to policy, hazard mitigation and emergency management to reduce the risks of natural hazards to electric infrastructure and to improve crisis management in the aftermath of a natural disaster.JRC.E.2-Technology Innovation in Securit

Assessment of underlying capacity mechanism studies for Greece

The increased electricity production from variable sources in the EU combined with the overall decline in demand in recent years, have raised concerns about the security of electricity supply, in general, and in particular about generation adequacy and flexibility, prompting some Member States to consider new public interventions, the so-called capacity remuneration mechanisms. This work presents a review of the underlying capacity mechanism studies for Greece based on European best practices to highlight the latest developments and current trends.JRC.C.3-Energy Security, Distribution and Market

Technical aspects of offshore wind farms employing doubly-fed induction generators

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Byzantium in museum and monument management from the 19th to the 21st century

This dissertation represents an original method of approaching the Byzantine heritage and its management. For the first time, the ideological treatment of Byzantium over the course of centuries extending from the Fall of Constantinople to the present is collected in a full-length, documented study, in conjunction with the diverse forms of managing it, specifically through monuments, museums, and exhibitions related to Byzantine culture over the past two centuries. From this standpoint, the dissertation covers a gap in the bibliography. Its aim is to demonstrate the supra-spatial and supra-temporal importance of “misunderstood” Byzantium through a research- and interpretation-based approach to practices connected with its museum and monumental management as well as individual ideologies linked with these practices. Interest in Byzantine culture both internationally and in Greece, variable over time, is analyzed and studied, with the result that it is finally restored within the global context. Museological and management parameters for the Byzantine heritage and its material remains are also investigated thoroughly, in combination with specific conjunctures of politics, events, people, and decisions that influenced in practice its ideologically turbulent promotion. The first part, divided into four sections, concerns the study and analysis of the theoretical approach to Byzantium as well as the ideological and practical management of its material evidence internationally and in Greece. Specifically, it addresses elements of the historical course of the Byzantine Empire, the ideologies and inspiration in each sector and place which these created over the course of centuries, and their survival in contemporary theoretical and practical management. In particular, museum-museological practice is analyzed by examining the organization of periodic exhibitions and the creation of Byzantine museums and other significant collections for managing the Byzantine heritage in Greece, Europe, and America. Within this context, more than 90 temporary Byzantium-themed exhibitions held throughout the world from 1859 to 2013 are investigated in the light of particular selection criteria, employing a comparable museological, museographic and political-ideological analysis.In the second part, which has two large sections, the practical management of the Byzantine material evidence is explored in detail through the selection of two important example cases of study: the Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki and the Administrative unit of Byzantine Antiquities on Corfu. Analysis covers the different historical backgrounds of the two places, their different administrative status vis-à-vis the Archaeological Service, and related parameters through whose contribution each developed practices for monumental and museum promotion and management of Byzantium in the 20th century, with a focus on the abundant and decisive activity over the last twenty years. The study concludes with a synthetic afterword combining the theoretical and practical management of Byzantium and their ideological attribution.H διατριβή αποτελεί ένα πρωτότυπο τρόπο προσέγγισης της βυζαντινής κληρονομιάς και της διαχείρισής της. Για πρώτη φορά συγκεντρώνεται σε μία αυτούσια και τεκμηριωμένη μελέτη η ιδεολογική αντιμετώπιση του Βυζαντίου στην πορεία των αιώνων από την Άλωση μέχρι τις μέρες μας και μάλιστα σε συνδυασμό με την ποικιλότροπη διαχείρισή της, ειδικότερα μέσω των μνημείων, των μουσείων και των σχετικών με τον βυζαντινό πολιτισμό εκθέσεων, τους τελευταίους δύο αιώνες, καλύπτοντας από την άποψη αυτή ένα βιβλιογραφικό κενό.Στόχος της είναι να αποδείξει, την υπερτοπική και υπερχρονική σημασία του «παρεξηγημένου» Βυζαντίου, μέσα από την ερευνητική αλλά και ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση των πρακτικών, που συνδέθηκαν με την μουσειακή και μνημειακή του διαχείριση καθώς και την εκάστοτε συνδεδεμένη με αυτές ιδεολογία. Αναλύεται και μελετάται το κυμαινόμενο μέσα στο χρόνο ενδιαφέρον για το βυζαντινό πολιτισμό τόσο σε διεθνές όσο και ελληνικό επίπεδο, που είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την τελική αποκατάσταση του στο παγκόσμιο στερέωμα. Ερευνώνται επίσης διεξοδικά οι μουσειολογικές και διαχειριστικές παράμετροι της βυζαντινής κληρονομιάς και των τεκμηρίων της, σε συνδυασμό με τις εκάστοτε συγκυρίες πολιτικής, γεγονότων, ανθρώπων και αποφάσεων, που επηρέασαν την πολυκύμαντη ιδεολογικά ανάδειξη του στην πράξη. Το πρώτο μέρος, σε τέσσερεις ενότητες, αφορά στην μελέτη και ανάλυση της θεωρητικής προσέγγισης του Βυζαντίου καθώς και της ιδεολογικής και πρακτικής διαχείρισης των τεκμηρίων του στον διεθνή και τον ελληνικό χώρο. Ειδικότερα, πραγματεύεται τα στοιχεία της ιστορικής πορείας που διένυσε η Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία, τις ιδεολογίες και την έμπνευση σε κάθε τομέα και χώρο, που αυτά δημιούργησαν στην πορεία των αιώνων και την επιβίωση τους στη σύγχρονη θεωρητική και πρακτική διαχείριση. Ιδιαίτερα αναλύεται η μουσειακή-μουσειολογική πρακτική μέσω της οργάνωσης των περιοδικών εκθέσεων ή μέσω ίδρυσης και συγκρότησης βυζαντινών μουσείων ή άλλων σημαντικών συλλογών διαχείρισης της βυζαντινής κληρονομιάς σε Ελλάδα, Ευρώπη και Αμερική. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό ερευνώνται με ανάλογη μουσειολογική, μουσειογραφική αλλά και πολιτικο-ιδεολογική ανάλυση 90 και πλέον περιοδικές εκθέσεις ανά τον κόσμο με θέμα το Βυζάντιο, από το 1859 έως το 2013 κάτω από ένα πρίσμα ειδικών κριτηρίων επιλογής. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, σε δύο μεγάλες ενότητες, ερευνάται διεξοδικά η έμπρακτη διαχείριση των τεκμηρίων του Βυζαντίου με την επιλογή δύο σημαντικών περιπτώσεων-παραδειγμάτων μελέτης, όπως είναι το Μουσείο Βυζαντινού Πολιτισμού Θεσσαλονίκης και η Υπηρεσιακή μονάδα των Βυζαντινών Αρχαιοτήτων Κέρκυρας. Αναλύεται το διαφορετικό ιστορικό υπόβαθρο των δύο τόπων, η διαφορετική διοικητική τους υπόσταση αναφορικά με την Αρχαιολογική Υπηρεσία καθώς και οι συγγενείς παράμετροι με τη συμβολή των οποίων ο καθένας ανέπτυξε πρακτικές μνημειακής και μουσειακής ανάδειξης και διαχείρισης του Βυζαντίου κατά τον 20ο αιώνα, με επίκεντρο την πλούσια και καταλυτική δραστηριότητα των τελευταίων είκοσι χρόνων. Η μελέτη ολοκληρώνεται με τον συνδυασμό της θεωρητικής αλλά και της πρακτικής διαχείρισης του Βυζαντίου και την ιδεολογική απόδοσή του σε έναν συνθετικό συμπερασματικό επίλογο

Market Integration Scheme of a Multi-Terminal HVDC Grid in the North Seas

The development of a Multi-Terminal (MT) High Voltage DC (HVDC) Grid based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC) technology has been envisaged as a key development for harnessing the vast offshore wind production potential of the North Seas. In this paper, market integration of a Centrally Dispatched MT HVDC Grid based on droop control is examined. Particular emphasis is given on the management of onshore imbalance volumes due to offshore wind power forecast errors. The economic importance of the control choices of the Operator of such an active transmission grid is highlighted, and regulatory implications are briefly discussed. The main contribution of the paper is the coherent development of a droop-controlled MT HVDC Grid scheme that integrates Optimal Power Flow (OPF) dispatch, and imbalance volume management.JRC.F.3-Energy Security, Systems and Marke

Pan-European Analysis on Power System Flexibility

Ongoing deployments of intermittent non-synchronous power generators (i.e., wind turbines and photovoltaics) challenge power (electricity) system security in terms of matching power generation and demand. Higher flexibility in the future generation fleet and power demand are likely to play an essential role in maintaining secure operation of the power system. This paper proposes a stepwise methodology based on a set of indicators for future power system flexibility analysis through assessing (i) flexibility requirements, (ii) available flexibility resources, and (iii) power system adequacy. The proposed methodology is applied to a European case for 2020 and 2025 scenarios. The insights gained from this study can be used as input in distributing power balancing resources and to introduce new balancing products in a power market. Benefits of the integrated energy market are presented

Pan-European analysis on power system flexibility

Ongoing deployments of intermittent non-synchronous power generators (i.e., wind turbines and photovoltaics) challenge power (electricity) system security in terms of matching power generation and demand. Higher flexibility in the future generation fleet and power demand are likely to play an essential role in maintaining secure operation of the power system. This paper proposes a stepwise methodology based on a set of indicators for future power system flexibility analysis through assessing (i) flexibility requirements, (ii) available flexibility resources, and (iii) power system adequacy. The proposed methodology is applied to a European case for 2020 and 2025 scenarios. The insights gained from this study can be used as input in distributing power balancing resources and to introduce new balancing products in a power market. Benefits of the integrated energy market are presented.JRC.C.3-Energy Security, Distribution and Market

Clean energy technology synergies and issues

The objective of this report is to provide recommendations for long-term R&D priorities for crosscutting EC funded projects in the energy domain. Nineteen JRC experts analysed synergies and issues of the future energy system in following areas: * objectives of Horizon 2020 projects were compared with national and international projects; * key energy technologies for a cost-effective energy transition using the energy system model JRC-EU-TIMES; * development trends of LCEO technologies with regard to their potential to provide grid support services; and * R&D synergies between LCEO technologies to accelerate development and use research budgets efficiently.JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Unio